Hands On with R

Created by Ramses Alexander Coraspe Valdez

Created on July 1, 2020

An object can be created with the operator <- or -> depending on the direction in which the object is assigned:

n <- 15
n
5 -> n
n
x <- 1
X <- 10
x
X

15

5

1

10

Every object has two intrinsic attributes: type and length

x <- 1
mode(x)
length(x)
A <- "Ramses"; compar <- TRUE; z <- 1i
mode(A); mode(compar); mode(z)

'numeric'

1

'character'

'logical'

'complex'

Vectors

# vectores, arrays
vector.1 <- c(1,10,100,1000) 
vector.1[4] #1-based index
vector.1 + 1 
vector.1 * 2
vector.2 <- c(8, 15)
vector.2

1000

1. 2
2. 11
3. 101
4. 1001

1. 2
2. 20
3. 200
4. 2000

1. 8
2. 15

DataFrames

x <- 1:4; n <- 10; M <- c(10, 35); y <- 2:4
data.frame(x, n)

data.frame(x, M)

A data.frame: 4 × 2

x	n
<int>	<dbl>
1	10
2	10
3	10
4	10

A data.frame: 4 × 2

x	M
<int>	<dbl>
1	10
2	35
3	10
4	35

Lists

Lista1 <- list(x, y); Lista2 <- list(A=x, B=y)
Lista1
Lista2
names(Lista1)
names(Lista2)

1. 1. 1
   2. 2
   3. 3
   4. 4
2. 1. 2
   2. 3
   3. 4

$A

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

$B

1. 2
2. 3
3. 4

NULL

1. 'A'
2. 'B'

Arrays

# matrices
1:100
100:1
seq(1,100, 4)
?matrix
mtx.1 <- matrix(data=1:100, nrow=10, ncol=11)
mtx.1

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5
6. 6
7. 7
8. 8
9. 9
10. 10
11. 11
12. 12
13. 13
14. 14
15. 15
16. 16
17. 17
18. 18
19. 19
20. 20
21. 21
22. 22
23. 23
24. 24
25. 25
26. 26
27. 27
28. 28
29. 29
30. 30
31. 31
32. 32
33. 33
34. 34
35. 35
36. 36
37. 37
38. 38
39. 39
40. 40
41. 41
42. 42
43. 43
44. 44
45. 45
46. 46
47. 47
48. 48
49. 49
50. 50
51. 51
52. 52
53. 53
54. 54
55. 55
56. 56
57. 57
58. 58
59. 59
60. 60
61. 61
62. 62
63. 63
64. 64
65. 65
66. 66
67. 67
68. 68
69. 69
70. 70
71. 71
72. 72
73. 73
74. 74
75. 75
76. 76
77. 77
78. 78
79. 79
80. 80
81. 81
82. 82
83. 83
84. 84
85. 85
86. 86
87. 87
88. 88
89. 89
90. 90
91. 91
92. 92
93. 93
94. 94
95. 95
96. 96
97. 97
98. 98
99. 99
100. 100

1. 100
2. 99
3. 98
4. 97
5. 96
6. 95
7. 94
8. 93
9. 92
10. 91
11. 90
12. 89
13. 88
14. 87
15. 86
16. 85
17. 84
18. 83
19. 82
20. 81
21. 80
22. 79
23. 78
24. 77
25. 76
26. 75
27. 74
28. 73
29. 72
30. 71
31. 70
32. 69
33. 68
34. 67
35. 66
36. 65
37. 64
38. 63
39. 62
40. 61
41. 60
42. 59
43. 58
44. 57
45. 56
46. 55
47. 54
48. 53
49. 52
50. 51
51. 50
52. 49
53. 48
54. 47
55. 46
56. 45
57. 44
58. 43
59. 42
60. 41
61. 40
62. 39
63. 38
64. 37
65. 36
66. 35
67. 34
68. 33
69. 32
70. 31
71. 30
72. 29
73. 28
74. 27
75. 26
76. 25
77. 24
78. 23
79. 22
80. 21
81. 20
82. 19
83. 18
84. 17
85. 16
86. 15
87. 14
88. 13
89. 12
90. 11
91. 10
92. 9
93. 8
94. 7
95. 6
96. 5
97. 4
98. 3
99. 2
100. 1

1. 1
2. 5
3. 9
4. 13
5. 17
6. 21
7. 25
8. 29
9. 33
10. 37
11. 41
12. 45
13. 49
14. 53
15. 57
16. 61
17. 65
18. 69
19. 73
20. 77
21. 81
22. 85
23. 89
24. 93
25. 97

Warning message in matrix(data = 1:100, nrow = 10, ncol = 11):
“data length [100] is not a sub-multiple or multiple of the number of columns [11]”

A matrix: 10 × 11 of type int

1	11	21	31	41	51	61	71	81	91	1
2	12	22	32	42	52	62	72	82	92	2
3	13	23	33	43	53	63	73	83	93	3
4	14	24	34	44	54	64	74	84	94	4
5	15	25	35	45	55	65	75	85	95	5
6	16	26	36	46	56	66	76	86	96	6
7	17	27	37	47	57	67	77	87	97	7
8	18	28	38	48	58	68	78	88	98	8
9	19	29	39	49	59	69	79	89	99	9
10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100	10